Why First-Person is Popular in YA: A Theory

You may have noticed that many popular YA titles today are written in the first-person narrative. But why? Why is first-person so popular with the YA audience?

In her blog, YA writer and children’s book illustrator Ingrid Sunberg shares five reasons why authors choose to write in the first-person. Ingrid observes that first-person gives the reader a quick connection with the protagonist, makes the story believable, helps develop the protagonist, is somewhat easy to write, and creates an agreement with the reader of how the story will be told.

To help find the answer to why readers connect with first-person narratives, I decided to make a graph, because graphs are my jam.

First, I took thirty titles of popular YA fiction all the way from the mid 1800’s to 2013. These titles are or have been enormously popular, and a couple of titles are just a few of my favorite YA and Middle Grade books. Next, I went through and marked which stories are told in first-person and and which were told in third-person (limited, objective, and omniscient).

1st Person Year Published 3rd person Year Published
1 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1884 1 Little Women 1868
2 The Catcher in the Rye 1951 2 Anne of Green Gables 1908
3 To Kill a Mockingbird 1960 3 The Secret Garden 1911
4 Island of the Blue Dolphins 1960 4 Charlotte’s Web 1952
5 Are You There, God? It’s Me, Margaret 1970 5 Lord of the Flies 1954
6 The Perks of Being a Wallflower 1999 6 The Phantom Tollbooth 1961
7 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2001 7 A Wrinkle in Time 1962
8 Twilight 2005 8 Hatchet 1987
9 The Book Thief 2005 9 Number the Stars 1989
10 The Lightning Thief 2005 10 The Giver 1993
11 The Host 2008 11 Ender’s Game 1994
12 The Hunger Games 2008 12 Holes 1998
13 Divergent 2011 13 Eragon 2002
14 Incarnate 2012 14 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone 2003
15 Vampire Academy 2013 15 Inkheart 2005

The information I gathered already surprised me. I assumed that of the thirty books, at least 66% would be written in first-person. But of the thirty books I chose, exactly half were written in third-person.

Next, I charted how many books from both POV’s were published in ten year increments from 1800 – 2013.

Screen Shot 2014-04-02 at 8.12.39 AM

 

You may or may not be surprised by my microcosmic, pedestrian research. What surprised me was that technically, third-person isn’t any less popular as a whole. In fact, according to my chart, it’s been steadily increasing in popularity through the years. Note that while I only took the first books in popular series, keep in mind how popular all of the Harry Potter books were (third-person), with the last book published in 2007. Third-person YA stories aren’t going anywhere. They’re steadily increasing in popularity, according to my small-scale study.

First-person narrative YA and Middle Grade novels increase sharply in popularity according to my chart, especially in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s. First-person narrative is trendy, but it has also steadily grown in popularity as well.

But why has the first-person narrative become so popular recently in YA and Middle Grade fiction?

This brings us to my theory: chicks and their diaries, man.

 

Chicks, man.

In this article from The Guardian, Vanessa Thorpe summarizes a 2009 study in which researchers interviewed 2,000 people about their reading habits. Researchers found of the women interviewed, forty-eight percent could be considered avid readers, while only twenty-six percent of men could be considered the same. Thirty-two percent of men admitted to only reading two books per year, while eighteen percent of the women interviewed said the same. According to this article on NPR, surveys conducted in the U.S., Canada, and Britain concluded that men account for only twenty percent of readers in the fiction market.

While it could be argued that maybe many of the study’s participants were adults and did not read YA fiction, an article in Publisher’s Weekly claims otherwise:

“More than half the consumers of books classified for young adults aren’t all that young. According to a new study, fully 55% of buyers of works that publishers designate for kids aged 12 to 17 — known as YA books — are 18 or older, with the largest segment aged 30 to 44, a group that alone accounted for 28% of YA sales. And adults aren’t just purchasing for others — when asked about the intended recipient, they report that 78% of the time they are purchasing books for their own reading. The insights are courtesy of Understanding the Children’s Book Consumer in the Digital Age, an ongoing biannual study from Bowker Market Research that explores the changing nature of publishing for kids.”

 From this evidence, we can conclude that women read more fiction novels than men by a wide margin, and that plenty of those women are reading YA.

 

Diaries: The Missing Link to First-Person

For as long as I remember, I’ve kept journals. I have an entire bookshelf dedicated to my journals, one dating back to fifth grade. According to this January 2013 article by Carolyn Gregoire, I’m not the only one. According to a study, eighty-three percent of girls aged 16-19 write about their lives in a journal.

Let’s examine common characteristics of the female diary entry.

Disclaimer: these characteristics may or may not match your own diaries. These are typical characteristics I’ve noticed from the diaries I’ve snuck into (Okay, only once, and I feel awful about it. The saving grace was that the entry I flipped to talked about wanting mango ice cream instead of vanilla, and then I stopped reading immediately), have heard fellow females talk about, or have read as published works.

  • Almost always (I can’t imagine otherwise, frankly) written in first-person.
  • Focus on emotional reaction to situations and events.
  • Chronicles important events.
  • Marks events that have just happened.
  • Divulge true feelings and secrets.
  • Examine secret longings.
  • Heavy on self-evaluation.
  • Usually written in a stream of consciousness fashion.
  • Has voicing specific to the person writing the journal

Now, let’s compare those characteristics to a YA first-person story with a female protagonist:

  • Focused on one central character who tells the story
  • Emotionally charged
  • Has voicing specific to the protagonist
  • Tells important events through the protagonist’s point of view
  • Lets the reader peek into the mind of the protagonist, viewing her longings, desires, and emotional reactions
  • Usually follows as steady span of time without skipping through time.

Seeing the strong connection between the two? Now think about the target for most YA fiction. Research shows that most avid readers are women. Research also shows that many young women journal. When you combine the two facts, it makes a compelling case.

My theory is this: girls aged 12-18 who read regularly can and do connect quickly with a first-person narrative because it is reminiscent of their own journaling behavior. That is to say, how young girls process important events in their lives through journaling is very similar to a protagonist’s process of self-evaluation and self-discovery in a YA first-person narrative.

When a young girl picks up a YA first-person story, she is looking into the mind of the protagonist, almost the same as reading that protagonist’s own diary. As the young girl grows into a woman, whether or not she decides to continue journaling, she will understand the connection of first-person narrative because she has already written it.

Third-person in YA is in no way dying, but it may not have the strength of connecting so immediately with its audience as YA first-person storytelling does.

 

What do you think about the connection of girls who journal and girls who read first-person YA novels? I would love to know if you agree or disagree! Please let me know what you think in the comments.

About Kristin Luna

Kristin Luna has been making up stories and getting in trouble for them since elementary school. She especially loves young adult literature, fantasy, Nic Cage, literary fiction, magical realism, and wouldn’t even be opposed to reading yeti erotica. She has written book reviews for Urban Fantasy Magazine, writes for this very blog your eyes are glued to at this very moment, and her short stories have appeared on Pseudopod and in anthologies about unicorns and dragons published by WordFire Press. She lives in San Diego with her husband Nic and eats way too much Taco Bell. Learn more about Kristin at her website www.kristinleighluna.com.

9 responses on “Why First-Person is Popular in YA: A Theory

  1. MK

    So interesting, thanks for this. I have always, always written in the third person. The few times I’ve experimented with first, it’s come out awkward and stilted, so I always return to third. However, I am most definitely a YA/NA writer, and the more YA/NA I devour, the more I notice I’m in the minority. I’ve always been slightly nervous that this predilection would hamper my career.

    However, I don’t do the omniscient narrator; I stick inside my characters’ heads. The main reason I do this in third person is that I like getting into a few different characters’ heads in one story. But I am always careful to do it one at a time; in a given scene, I stick inside the POV character’s head, no matter how much I want to say something about what the character next to them is thinking. The Song of Ice and Fire series is a great example of this, though George RR Martin does this by chapter, not scene. Also, that’s not YA. Harry Potter is another good example of this; we are in Harry’s head for the majority of the series, with the exception of the opening chapters of each book (which are awesome little departures). I think this is an important caveat to using the third person: consistency.

    For now I’ve chosen to remain true to the way I write and trust my instincts. Will it hamper my success? Only time will tell.

  2. Kristin Luna Post author

    Thank you for your comment, MK!

    I hope you don’t feel too discouraged about writing in third-person. I think a strength that third-person has that first-person does not is that if your reader doesn’t resonate with one of your characters, that’s okay. They usually have a few more characters to connect with (ex. I thought Harry was “meh,” but I loved Ron and Hermione). With first-person, if your reader doesn’t connect with the narrator, the reader could quit reading the book completely.

  3. Evan Braun

    Your above comment makes a great point, Kristin. I’m a male reader (and no longer a young person), so I’m out of the post’s demographic. BUT! Yes, wholeheartedly to your point above, in that I often close the book of first-person stories because I don’t necessarily enjoy that character. In first-person stories, I have to almost fall in love with the character to get into it, because the story is so intimately close to them. So this is certainly a third-person advantage.

    As to the post itself, wow, very interesting. A compelling theory, and one I find myself believing instantly. I think you’re on to something…

  4. Papa Steve

    Great article, KLuna! Well researched and great insight!

    The thing about first person is when it works, it REALLY works. But when it falls flat, it’s REALLY flat. In third person, the author has more going for her to keep the story going. But first person is driven by the voice. That’s one of the things I really like about first person. When it’s done well, it’s because the voice really communicates to the reader. It’s like the voice is speaking to me, the reader–the reader is telling me the story. And when first person really works, it’s because the voice makes me feel like I’m the only one being told the story. But I think that’s why girls/women work better with that first person voice–they are, from early on, more verbal, more the storytellers. Boys are the story doers. They act out stories playing army, or ninja, or superhero. Girls, being more verbal, tell their stories with flourish and personal drama, to each other. The first person is more a natural process that flows from the female verbal skills, developed in early childhood.

  5. Kristin Luna Post author

    Thank you Evan! I am interested to see how the information shakes out with male protagonists, too. I would really like to see a study done regarding how many boys journal, and if that may have any correlation.

    Thank you Papa Steve (that’s my dad, everybody)! I completely agree. When first-person works, it really really works. You feel like the narrator is telling you things that he/she wouldn’t tell anyone else. One of my favorite books of all time is The Catcher in the Rye because of Holden’s voicing. He is going through a defining point in his personality solidifying, and you get to read all of his intimate thoughts. Holden’s voice is so unique that it captured me.

  6. Patricia Wolf

    Even in 2020 your article is timely. I’m in the processes of self-publishing, something very popular now, my YA book “ Jemi’s Noble Quest”. My 13 year old granddaughter loves the book, written in 3rd person! Last night as I was studying formatting in some of her books, I realized the first person thread was common. I was very surprised. I asked her about her preferences, she is an avid reader, her reply was my book was still her favorite and not to go to the trouble of rewriting it. SMILES Perhaps, there’s a place where all voices can be heard. Thanks for your article.

  7. J. Paul

    Necroposting here, but thanks for this great insight. I’m taking my first dive into YA fiction and I’ve been asking a lot of the same questions as the other commentors. Mainly, will my readership suffer because I write in the third-person? I find first person very jarring, personally. Especially the first-person present tense that has also become popular.

    Drawing that association between the POV and journaling has me thinking about this in a new light, thought. Brilliant deduction.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *